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# Abstract Algebra with Applications by Karlheinz Spindler

By Karlheinz Spindler

A complete presentation of summary algebra and an in-depth remedy of the purposes of algebraic innovations and the connection of algebra to different disciplines, equivalent to quantity concept, combinatorics, geometry, topology, differential equations, and Markov chains.

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Additional resources for Abstract Algebra with Applications

Example text

Its kernel is all τ which map Rx —► M,· that is all T G H o m ( ^ , M,·). Hence H o m ( ^ , Mj_1)l\lom{R1 , M,·) ^ H o m ( ^ , M^JMj). Taking ranks on both sides we have i(Rt, M^) - i(Rl, Μ,) = i{R,, M,_JM}) and summing over j : (*) i(R1,M) = ^fi(R1,Mt_1IM/). 3=1 Now either ι (/^ , M^JMj) = 0, or 3σ G H o m ( ^ , Μ^Μ,) such that i ^ a Φ 0. But then Τ^σ = Mj_x\Mj since the latter is irreducible. £ *s maximal in 7?! 2(a). Thus σ induces an isomorphism σ : ^ χ / ^ ί ^ Mj^/Mj . Conversely, given σ we can find 12.

Consider the scheme of homomorphic mappings: a *i -^Mi_lIMj / Mi-, where v is the natural homomorphism of Μό_λ onto Mi_x\Mi . If T is any homomorphism of Rx into Μά_λ , then τν = σ is a homomorphism of Rr into Mi_x\Mj . 3 V σ there is a τ such that TV = σ. Hence the mapping Γ : τ —► TV is a mapping of H o m ^ , Mó_^) onto H o m ^ , M^JMj). Since (τ + τ')Γ = (τ + τ')ν = TV + TV = τΓ + τ Τ , 7^ is a homo­ morphism. Its kernel is all τ which map Rx —► M,· that is all T G H o m ( ^ , M,·). Hence H o m ( ^ , Mj_1)l\lom{R1 , M,·) ^ H o m ( ^ , M^JMj).

N is nilpotent, that is there is a positive integer I Proof. Let ^ D ^ D - O ^ = 0 be a composition series for R. Now Vw G N, Rfl C Ri+1, since n must be represented by zero in the irreducible representation afforded by the module RJRi+l . Thus Rnxn2 ··· nlCRl = 0, and since 1 G R, lwxw2 -" nt = 0, that is, Nl = 0. 4) Theorem. 2(a)] subideal of R{, then N= R[®-®R'k where N is the radical of R. Proof, (a) Let n e N. Now R{n Ç= R'i , since n must be represented by zero through the irreducible representation module RJR'i .